Macro Environments and Breakfast Cereals - 2315 Words

Macro environments and breakfast cereals 1. Introduction Company A’s cereals are manufacturers of healthy and nutritional breakfast cereals and ready to go breakfast bars. While their main manufacturing plant is located in Brisbane, their products are distributed in major supermarkets Australia wide. Knowing that breakfast is considered by consumers as the most important meal of the day the company’s focus is on offering a multiple product range to various target groups with the added benefits of additional fiber and cholesterol lowering properties. Only by complying with strict guidelines within governmental regulations, this company is able to promote the health benefits of consuming their products and endorsements noted on their†¦show more content†¦This may require multiple sourcing points globally, resulting in driving prices up (Parker, 2005). Company A’s cereals have redundant suppliers on hand in various locations. By having multiple suppliers, it mitigates against unforeseen natural disasters tha t may affect their supplies of raw products. c. Economic Environment Kotler describes the economic environment as â€Å"factors that affect consumer buying power and spending patterns† (Kotler, et al., 2010, p. 149). For consumers to be able to spend they need to have disposable income. Some of the factors included in the economic environment, but not limited to; income, employment levels, the value of the Australian dollar and the global economy. There are changes occurring within the economic environment all the time, particularly within income structure. Average disposable incomes vary according to states, with Tasmania and South Australia recorded at 19 percent below the national average (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008). Due to higher living costs, more women are returning to work resulting in dual income families. Many consumers are feeling the rising cost of living as opposed to increases in incomes and people have been changing the way they buy in efforts to save money. Bernstein, a US consumer survey, recently showed that breakfast cereals had been traded down by 27 percent ofShow MoreRelatedMacro Environmental Factors Of The Sanitarium Health Food Co, Political, Economic And Social Factors1733 Words   |  7 Pages 4.3 Macro-environmental Analysis The current report tends to discuss the three macro-environmental factors are relevant to the operations of the Sanitarium Health Food Co, namely Political, Economic and Social factors. they could either be of positive value or of negative value to the company and they should be closely monitored. Political Factor: One political factor that is bound to play a role in the regular course of operations for the company is one that governs charity, The Charities ActRead MoreBusiness Report of Kelloggs1726 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The company Kellogg’s Corn Flakes ® is the second large company in America began in 1906ï ¼Å'which makes breakfast and snacks for millions. The founder, W.K.kellogg, set healthy and high quality as the aim of providing nutritious products with diversify flavor.  Their provide products such as cereal, waffle, Bars, and cookies to their consumer all around the world. Today, â€Å"Kellogg’s Company  manufactures in 18 countries, also sells its products in more than 180 countries† (Kellogg’s, 2011)Read MoreKelloggs in India Marketreport4310 Words   |  18 Pagesstrategy adopted by Kellog’s In India 4 3. Question 2: What are the major challenges Kellogg’s now face? Recommend and justify what actions Kellogg’s should take in India to sustain their market leadership. 7 3.1. Macro-environmental Analysis of Kellogg’s India 7 3.2. Porter’s 5 forces of Kellogg’s India and the food industry 8 3.3. Strenghts and Weaknesses of Kellogg’s India 9 3.4 Recommendation 9 Bibliography 11 Appendix Read MoreCpw and Kelloggs6179 Words   |  25 PagesRunning head: CEREAL PARTNERS WORLDWIDE (CPW) CASE ANALYSIS 1 Cereal Partners Worldwide (CPW): The No. 2 world player is challenging the No. 1 – Kellogg International Marketing – Assignment 1 Candidate: Emad AbouElgheit ISM - International School of Management Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) Presented to: Professor Peter Horn 21 November 2011 Word Count: 4,326 CASE ANALYSIS - CEREAL PARTNERS WORLDWIDE (CPW) 2 Abstract The paper analyzes the case study developed in 2007 of Cereal PartnersRead MoreBreakfast Cereals in Uk 078038 Words   |  33 PagesBreakfast Cereals in United Kingdom 2007 Introduction: Aim: The aim of this report is to discuss whether The change of macroeconomic situation is an opportunity or threat for United Kingdom’s breakfast cereal industry. Compare the external microenvironment that affects firms in which breakfast cereal industry operates with the help of PEST analysis. To evaluate the operational strategy that affects the level of competitive environment in an industry using Porter’s five force model. Read MoreMarketing Strategies - Breakfast Cereals in Australia3162 Words   |  13 PagesIntroduction Healthy Co. Pty Ltd is a food processing organisation located in Queensland, Australia. ‘Nutri Mix’ breakfast cereal is the product developed by the company for this market and it’s focused on nutrition and healthy life choices. The initial research was focused on six local macro-environment factors that could potentially impact the product. The factors in favour of marketing such a product on the Australian market reside in an aging population as proportion of total population, forcingRead MoreFruit Loops2856 Words   |  12 PagesFroot loops History : Froot Loops is a  brand  of  breakfast cereal  produced by  Kelloggs  and sold in  Austria,  India,  Australia,  Canada,  New Zealand, the  United States,  Germany,  The Middle East,  The Caribbean  and  Latin America. The  cereal  pieces  are  torus-shaped (hence loops) and come in a variety of bright colors and a blend of artificial fruit flavors.  Kelloggs  introduced Froot Loops in 1963. Originally, there were  red,  orange, andyellow  loops, but  green, then  purple, and, finally,  blue  were addedRead MoreThe Pest Analysis of Uk Food Producing Industry Essay1232 Words   |  5 Pagesdiversification of economic and geography environment, food producing companies, especially multinationals need to consider more about what situation they will be in and what barriers they will meet. The main work of this report is to identify what will influence the businesses, profits, and strategies of food producing industry throughout deeply analyzing these important board macro-environmental factors. 2. PEST Model PEST is a model that being used to analyze the board macro-environmental of a company orRead MoreKelloggs Case: The Link between Auditing, Planning, and Corporate Strategy2875 Words   |  12 Pagesfoods in terms of corporate strategy is not an exaggeration. In 1898, the Kellogg brothers developed a flaked cereal by running toasted corn mush through metal rollers. Through planning, the recipe for Corn Flakes has remained unchanged since W.K. Kellogg transformed the product from a private label health food to a mass-marketed breakfast staple. Corn Flakes remained the best-selling cereal in the United States throughout the first half of the past century. From the mid- 1960s on, Kelloggs had atRead MoreMarketing Plan Cereal Bars3872 Words   |  16 PagesJanuary 17 2010 | Seminar Tutor – Hina Khan. | By James Craven, Katie Fortune, Rory Dunlop, Karl Dickey, Omar Farooq and Sarah Crawford | 1. Market Overview The cereal bar market in the UK in rapidly expanding. Bored with conventional approaches to cereal bars Wake Up bar aims to add extra value to an already popular product. The cereal bar market is now looking for extra ingredients in the bars to persuade customers on to that particular brand. 2. The current situation Market Needs Our target

Music Censorship Is Not Possible Without The Color Red And...

This statement is very impactful in how he uses the example of painting the American flag, it’s not possible without the color red and for artists to not be able to write songs using their past experiences that isn’t quite possible either. Another limitation of music censorship is that lyrics are poetry and are filled with double meanings so what may be obscene to one person may be perfectly acceptable to another. John Denver testified at the 1985 hearing of the PMRC stating that his song â€Å"Rocky Mountain High†, which had previously been banned on many radio stations thinking it was about drugs, was actually about the beauty of the nature and the mountains in Colorado (Rabkin). Another example of lyrics with double meanings is the song†¦show more content†¦Ten to thirty percent of the students gave the â€Å"correct† interpretations of the songs while twenty to sixty percent gave incorrect or vague responses. The remainder of students refus ed to answer (Nuzum 64). The difference in interpretations between adults and teens can be shown through this study and there is a reason for the difference. Interpretations can be caused by the fact that one’s understanding is limited to their knowledge on the topic. Greenfield conducted a study on four different age groups: fourth, eighth, and twelfth graders and college students. Two songs, â€Å"Born in the USA† by Bruce Springsteen and â€Å"Like a Virgin† by Madonna, were played for the participants. Following each song they were asked to fill out a questionnaire. The questions asked about their comprehension of both specific words in the lyrics and about the overall meaning. The results for the understanding of Bruce Springsteen’s song was low. After hearing the song entirely and seeing certain excerpts on the questionnaire sixty percent of the overall sample couldn’t answer the questions regarding song content. Contrary to the title and refrain, the song is about the loss of hope and resentment. The percentage of participants who understood the song’s actual themes were very low. Not one of the fourth graders could recognize the real theme, while only thirty percent of eighth graders, forty percent of twelfth

Whitbread Plc SWOT Analysis Free Essays

Abstract: An analysis of the FTSE 100 company Whitbread Plc, utilising the SWOT tool as a framework to investigate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that the company faces in relation to its position within the Leisure industry. Drawing from an internal perspective, the SWOT analysis evaluates the company’s operation in both its national and international domains. Introduction: The following essay comprises an analysis of Whitbread Plc, a company operating within the Leisure and Hospitality sector, presently ranked 85th on the FTSE 100 index (Source: etf. We will write a custom essay sample on Whitbread Plc SWOT Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now db.com). With engagements in the hotels, restaurants and coffee shop businesses, its portfolio of subsidiary companies includes the market leading brands Premier Inn and Costa Coffee, alongside a range of restaurant chains comprising Beefeater Grill, Brewers Fayre, Table Table and Taybarns. Analysis will centre around an investigation of Whitbread Plc’s internal strengths and weaknesses, examining the presence of opportunities and threats that stand to prepare or hinder its progress within the leisure industry. This theme will be examined both within the context of both its national and international operations. The current operating environment that all brands falling under the Whitbread corporate umbrella face is undoubtedly a challenging one, owing to increased cautiousness on the part of consumers in light of an unstable economic climate. This is particularly the case with discretionary expenditure on leisure and non essential services, for which the company firmly caters. However, recent financial figures suggest robust performances across the board; the company share price in the 12 months to April 2012 has risen by 6.56 per cent (source ft.com), reaching a 52 week peak of 1889 pence per share on 28th March 2012 (Appendix 1). In line with this, the company are expected to announce a 15 per cent increase in underlying pre-tax profits of ?314.2 million when their annual report is published on 26th April 2012 (Source business.scotsmann.com). Further, the trend in recent years has been to peruse expansion both on the UK and international scenes. Costa Coffee has seen notable growth, with over 1600 stores worldwide; up from just 346 in 2003/04 (Appendix 2). It is now the leading UK coffee chain (Whitbread annual reports and accounts 2010/11). Similarly, Premier Inn has grown to 590 hotels throughout the UK and is targeting aggressive expansion into Dubai and India. It appears that cautious optimism has been the basis for a continued strategy of growth in a market charged with both opportunities and threats for what is an established and experienced operator. Focussing on the company’s internal environment, what follows is a brief SWOT analysis, detailing the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats within its national and international markets: Whitbread Plc SWOT Analysis Strengths: Whitbread are in the position of owning a strong brand portfolio. Premier Inn and Costa are market leading performers (Appendix 3), where as their restaurant arm is expected to announce a 1.9 percent increase in total sales for the year ending April 2011. (Source scotsman.com) Further, the parent company is well established with many years experience in the brewery industry, before recently changing tack to focus on hospitality and restaurants. Recent managerial board moves in April 2012 have seen the well regarded company finance director, Chris Rogers, take control of the Costa business. (The Telegraph 03 Apr 12) This can perhaps be interpreted as a means of ensuring the future stability of a high performing brand. Weaknesses: Although the Costa brand has been very much the ‘Rising Star’ of Whitbread’s brand portfolio over the past 10 years, there is perhaps a perception that the underlying reason for the company’s rapid expansion has been based on a fad, subject to changing customer tastes and therefore lacking in longevity. Being situated at the luxury end of the coffee chain spectrum, Costa is also at risk of overpricing its products; perhaps a door through which competitor coffee chains can leverage some market share during a period of recession. Seeing as Whitbread has traditionally managed a domestic portfolio, many of its brands remain untested outside of the UK market, with only a small number of Premier Inn and Costa outlets competing in the international marketplace. There remains a lack of necessary brand awareness in what is already a very saturated international leisure marketplace. Opportunities: On the domestic scene, with many traditional high street retailers facing store cutbacks or even complete closure, there exist strong opportunities to capitalise on the availability of prime high street retail space. There are further opportunities to become more flexible with the pricing structures employed in the Premier Inn chain, whereby the current CEO Andy Harrison has mooted plans to employ a ‘Dynamic Pricing Model’ which aims to maximise occupancy rates in each of its hotels. (Whitbread Interim Results Presentation 2011/12). This could prove particularly valuable at a time when UK residents are increasingly choosing domestic holidays over foreign travel. Viewing from an international perspective, there remains scope for considerable expansion, as is currently being undertaken with moves into Dubai and India, alongside Costa’s recent acquisition of Poland’s biggest chain, ‘ Coffeeheavan’ for ?32m in 2009 (telegraph.co.uk/finance). The sp ectre of London 2012 is perhaps the most tangible short-term prospect, with many chances to capitalise on tourist expenditure over the Gamestime period. Threats: In the Annual Report and Accounts for 2010/11, Whitbread chairman Anthony Habgood wrote, â€Å"Over the next twelve months the focus will be on strengthening our value propositions, controlling costs and accelerating our expansion.† This intention to control capital expenditure will indeed need to be followed through rigidly, in order for expansion plans to progress without any financial backlash. With the global economic environment remaining turbulent, there remains a sizable degree of uncertainty in the process of expanding into new markets. The increasing frequency of news articles based in the instability of world markets, with current headlines reading ‘FTSE Tumbles Amid Political Doubt’ (The Press Association – 23.04.12) adds testament to this. Further recent speculationsuggests the Costa arm may be demerged from Whitbread, owing to its viability as an independent entity (The Independent, 22.04.12). This effects of move are an unknown in terms of it s outcome on Whitbread’s stability. Conclusion: Approaching the theme of strengths and weaknesses from a national and international perspective, this essay has outlined the balance of opportunities and threats as they affect Whitbread Plc, using the SWOT tool to provide a structured investigation into the environment in which the company operates. It can be seen that whilst Whitbread possess the attributes of a strong brand portfolio containing highly recognisable national companies, there is considerable reason for future optimism of plans for expansion and growth to be tempered by the reality of an unstable global economic climate and current lack of presence on the international scene. Appendix 1) Whitbread Plc – 52 Week share price to April 2012 Financial Times – http://markets.ft.com/Research/Markets/Tearsheets/Summary?s=WTB:LSE 2) Whitbread growth transformation over six years 3) YouGov brand index for Coffee Shops and Hotels References – Morning Star: Whitbread Plc Overview. http://tools.morningstar.co.uk/uk/stockreport/default.aspx?Site=ukid=0P000080E9LanguageId=en-GBSecurityToken=0P000080E9]3]0]E0WWE$$ALL – Scotsman.com: The Week Ahead: Winning brew from Whitbread (23 April 2012) http://www.scotsman.com/business/the-week-ahead-winning-brew-from-whitbread-1-2250386 – Press Association: Political uncertainty hits markets (23 April 2012) http://www.google.com/hostednews/ukpress/article/ALeqM5jr0Ihkps5kKMnUFUTgLsKYszTe7g?docId=N0477601335169148049A – The Telegraph: Whitbread to buy Polish coffee chain Coffeheaven for ?32m (11 Dec 2009) http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/6790624/Whitbread-to-buy-Polish-coffee-chain-Coffeheaven-for-32m.html – The Independent: Whitbread’s Premier Inn could Costa lot (22 April 2012) http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/whitbreads-premier-inn-loss-could-costa-lot-7668818.html – The Telegraph: Whitbread finance chief Chris Rogers to head up Costa Coffee after John Derkach quits to join Tragus(03 April 12) http://tinyurl.com/bpe6s42 Books – Farndon, M., et al (2004). ‘Advanced Business’. Osborne Books Ltd Journals – MINT UK – ‘Hotels Motels in the UK’ (2011). Reports – Annual Report Accounts 2009/10 http://annualreport.whitbread.co.uk/pdfs/0910/Whitbread_AR-and-Accounts_0910.pdf – Interim Results 2010/11 http://online.hemscottir.com/ir/wtb/pdf/WhitbreadInterims2010_showbook.pdf How to cite Whitbread Plc SWOT Analysis, Essay examples

Aviation Essay Research Paper The airline industry free essay sample

Aviation Essay, Research Paper The air hose industry has been capable of intense monetary value competition since it was deregulated, and the consequence has been a figure of new bearers which specialize in regional service and no-frills operations. These bearers typically purchase older aircraft and frequently operate outside the industry-wide computerized reserves system. In exchange for these incommodiousnesss, riders receive low menus relative to the industry as a whole. This research examines two low menu air bearers, ValuJet and Southwest Airlines. By look intoing these air bearers, we can better understand the economic impacts of monetary value versus service in the air hose industry as a whole, every bit good as, the impacts on rider and investor assurance. Until 1978, air conveyance rates were approved by the authorities, which meant that monetary value was non a primary competitory factor. Alternatively, air hoses would vie on service and image. The air hose industry was dominated by giants ( American, United, TWA ) which offered countrywide and some international service, and by regional bearers, such as Southwest, which offered short trips between airdromes non served by the subjects. Deregulation of the air hose industry brought approximately in 1978 introduced a state of affairs in which the national and regional bearers were all of a sudden able to vie in an environment that resembled a free market. Rate agendas were lifted, monetary value repair was eliminated and route direction was removed. The chief factors that affected whether an air hose could function a peculiar metropolis was whether or non that metropolis had adequate Gatess for the new bearer, and whether the bearer was able to afford to buy them. Companies such as Southwest recognized possible for low menus, and began constructing a niche for themselves by offering low menus with tantamount low degrees of service. Southwest s success gave rise to a new coevals of low menu air hoses, with ValuJet come ining the market in the early 1990 s. Unfortunately, ValuJet suffered a twine of accidents which brought the hereafter of this air bearer into inquiry. ValuJet is a low-cost air hose that offers cheap tickets for regional travel. Based in Atlanta, the air hose serves the Southeastern United States and competes with Continental Airlines every bit good as with other little regional bearers. It serves 31 metropoliss chiefly in the southeasterly United States. The air hose began its service with flights to Tampa and Orlando from Atlanta in 1993. The no-frills scheme paid off for the fledgeling air hose, which posted half once more as many gross rider stat mis in April 1996 as it did in April 1995. However, the company announced that it was decelerating the enlargement of its services, voluntarily, at the same clip that it posted this impressive gross grade ( Cole A ; Pasztor, 1996, p. A6 ) . Possibly due to overexpansion or to hapless fortune, Valujet experienced a series of bad lucks in its short history. In January 1994, a DC-9 skidded off a track in Washington which resulted in the full airdrome being shut down. In June 1995, a ValuJet flight went through an exigency emptying after an engine failed and shrapnel flew into the cabin. Extra incidents, including one where the landing cogwheel collapsed after a peculiarly forceful landing, led the FAA to get down an intense reappraisal of ValuJet in February 1996. This reappraisal found that ValuJet was in conformity with FAA ordinances, but cited concern about pilot preparation and aircraft care ( Larson, 1996, p.30 ) . In May 1996, Valujet flight 592 crashed in the Everglades, killing all aboard and ensuing in a closure of the bearer for several months. When ValuJet began winging once more, it did so with a decreased agenda, and considerable guess about whether the company will be able to go on operations long-run. The company is besides involved in judicial proceeding ensuing from the clang, and the long-run chances for the company are questionable. The undermentioned chart identifies key runing statistics for Southwest ( place stat mis are in 1000000s, cost factors are in cents ) ( Shammas, 1996, p. 5541P ) : 1995 1994 1993 Gross Passenger Miles ( RPM ) 2,624 941 44 Available Seat Miles ( ASM ) 3,813 1,471 63 Load Factor 68.8 % 64.0 % 69.7 % Gross per RPM 13.4 13.8 13.1 Cost per ASM 6.8 6.8 9.8 Because Southwest s flights are by and large an hr or lupus erythematosus in length, the air hose saves money by non holding to function repasts. It has a broad work regulation agreement with its brotherhoods, so productiveness is high, and overall costs are low. For illustration, Southwest gets 672 hours per twelvemonth on norm from pilots versus 371 for American Airlines pilots, and 60 per centum more rider stat mis per flight attender ( Levinson, 1993, p. 34 ) . These figures enable the company to recognize net incomes during old ages in which the industry as a whole was enduring. The undermentioned chart identifies key runing statistics for Southwest ( place stat mis are in one million millions, cost factors are in cents ) ( Klein, 1996, p. 2077 ) : 1995 1994 1993 Gross Passenger Miles ( RPM ) 23.33 21.61 18.83 Available Seat Miles ( ASM ) 36.18 32.12 27.51 Gross per RPM 11.83 11.56 11.77 Cost per ASM 7.07 7.08 7.25 In add-on, the company has a 70 per centum norm load factor in an indu stry that averages 63 per centum, and operating costs per rider stat mi are 22 per centum less than industry norm. It has one of the youngest fleets in the industry ( 6.9 old ages compared with an industry norm of 12.9 in 1992 ) , and the best on-time and luggage handling records in 1992 ( Gold, 1993, p. 29 ) . Each of these factors contributes to the company s fiscal and selling success. Southwest s success has come about because it is supplying a merchandise that the market wants, no-frills regional air travel, at a monetary value that is attractive. Despite its no-frills orientation, the company maintains strong client service satisfaction and high degrees of client service, promoting repetition concern. When the air hose enters a new market, such as Baltimore, its menus are every bit much as 85 per centum less than those of its higher-priced rivals, pulling riders rapidly and coercing the competition to either fit the monetary value or lose market portion. In its mark markets, Southwest has positioned itself to even vie favourably with going by auto ( Thorpe, 1996, p. 262 ) . Southwest s success has non been without job, and the company has once more demonstrated an ability to happen originative solutions to those jobs. For illustration, the company has traditionally expanded its 737 fleet by adding older aircraft available at price reductions ( sometimes every bit much as 30 per centum ) ( Kripanlani, 1992, p. 20 ) . Since the company s ability to come in new markets is determined in portion by the size of its fleet, and since the company is committed to remaining with homogeneous fleet of 737s, it runs the hazard of stoping up with a big figure of older aircraft that it no longer needed ( depending on the market ) , or that do non run into new environmental criterions. Southwest solved this job by get downing a lease-back plan in 1988. Under the plan, Southwest sells some of its older 737s, so leases them back for its ain usage. As of the beginning of 1992, the company had done this with more than half of the Boeing 737-200 aircraft that it operated ( Brown, 1992, p.57 ) . This plan enables the company to let go of aircraft that it no longer needs or that no longer run into the rigorous new environmental criterions. At the same clip, the company can modify its staying 737-200s in order to do them compatible with noise and pollution ordinances if it needs the capacity. The company s stock has split three times since 1990, and its price-earnings ratio is a healthy 13.1 per centum. Its burden factor is good within the industry norm of 67 per centum ( Sanborn, 1996, p. 251 ) , and the company s committedness low menus and its safety record should assist it keep good public presentation even in visible radiation of the ValuJet clang ( which brought increased attending to all low menu bearers ) . The clang of Flight 592 has brought increased examination to ValuJet ( and to low-fare bearers in general ) , and the long-run consequence on ValuJet is non yet known. The stock, which had two, two-for-one splits in 1995 and which peaked at more than 30 dollars per portion in late 1995, has plummeted to below 12 dollars per portion in late 1996. Investors with high tolerance of hazard might see the stock at this low degree, and the company might be a coup detat mark in the hereafter as other bearers seek its paths. However, the company s aging aircraft fleet would non be an plus to most bearers, and it is ill-defined whether shareholders would recognize a sensible net income, even at today s low monetary values. The mentality for Southwest is well brighter than for ValuJet. The company has one of the highest safety records in the industry, and the company has besides benefited from higher ticket monetary values and increased rider traffic. The recent reinstatement of the federal excise revenue enhancement is non expected to hold a negative consequence on Southwest demand since it has indicated it will increase menus in merely 20 per centum of its markets, but this will impact profitableness. The company s scheme is to do up the difference of lower gross with increased demand through its lower menus ( Thorpe, 1996, p. 262 ) . The air hose industry has become one of the most competitory sections of our economic system. The economic worlds of operation costs versus passenger demand for cost-efficient travel has everlastingly changed the face of the travel industry. After deregulating in 1978, the air hose industry was forced to abandon its service-oriented doctrine and see the competitory force per unit areas since they affected the assorted companies bottom line. Price had all of a sudden become the benchmark in the air hose industry. Companies such as Southwest and ValuJet recognized the potency for low menus with commensurably low degrees of service. With the altering paradigms in the air hose industry comes hazard, non merely to the person air hoses but besides the populace in general. At what point do the economic force per unit areas of doing a net income for the air hoses affect rider safety? If the tendency toward more air hose catastrophes continues and those accidents can be attributed to cost-cutting steps, certainly Congress will step in. The air hose industry must be disciplined in its attack to work outing the economic force per unit areas, while, at the same clip stay focused on safety issues. If the air hose industry is to last and give the consumer picks, rider assurance can non be sacrificed for the interest of the bottom line!

Mindless Behavior free essay sample

WARNING: This story may cause a huge case of teenage love 😉 Jackson Five, NSYNC, New Edition, B2K the Backstreet Boys are just a few of the great teen boy bands. Now you can add Mindless Behavior to that list! With a new album called #1 Girl out thats #7 on the Billboard Hot 100 #2 under the R section. Also just having released their 5th music video, Mindless Behavior is living the life! Mindless Behavior is a group of 4 teen boys ranging from 14-15 years old. Prodigy is the lead singer of the group and known for being amazing dancer and having an awesome fro-hawk. Princeton, is outgoing, all about peace the one rockin an afro. Ray Ray is the one with the sense of humor and charm. Lastly, Roc Royal is the rapper of the group, the youngest out of the 4 and a dare devil. These 4 boys are making the girls go crazy! Mindless Behaviors music is a mix of pop R that every teen can relate to and you can listen to with the whole family. We will write a custom essay sample on Mindless Behavior or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even the little ones know who they are and are caught singing along to the great songs of Mindless Behavior. So if youre a young teen girl looking for love or just a good group of artists to jam to, Mindless Behavior is the group of for you. PS: Theyre looking for their #1 Girl.

Walden essays

Walden essays Henry David Thoreau lived from July 4, 1845, to September 6, 1847, in the cabin he had built on the shores of Walden Pond. During those twenty-six months, Thoreau recorded the material that was to appear in his second published book, Walden and Civil Disobedience. Now, the book Walden and Civil Disobedience is considered one of the most influential as well as one of the most popular books ever written in America. Thoreaus life was a noble attempt to make his fellow man understand and appreciate the full possibilities of daily existence. Thoreau failed, but he left behind a book of rules that shows men how to live rich lives without being rich. Walden and Civil Disobedience is the essence of that book. Thoreau saw people as they actually were. His standards were high, so high that he could not meet them himself. But Thoreau never gave up trying. In his efforts he called upon the wise men and the poets of the world. His life was an endless quest, a quest for beauty, for truth, for honesty, for understanding, for the betterment of all mankind. Throughout the entire book, Thoreau writes all of his work in the first person. One may think he or she is in the process of reading someones journal. Thoreau may at first seem to be arrogant, or a man for whom nothing was ever good enough. But a careful reading his work turns up phrases that deny this. I am not worth seeing personally-the stuttering, blundering, clod-hopper that I am; or The writer learns to bear contempt and to despise himself. Thoreau clearly understood the essential nature of work. Observing, thinking, and writing were what he wanted most to do. Hoeing his bean-field, carpentry, and surveying gave him enough money for his needs. To simplify things, Thoreau reduced his wants to the fewest possible. I learned...that it would cost incredibly little to obtain ones necessary food, Tho...

Dressing for Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Dressing for Work - Essay Example Women wore chic yet stylish business wear consisting of longer skirts and suit jackets and they often wore their hair out of their face. Today, men often ditch the suit and tie for khakis or black pants and a button-down shirt without a tie or a polo shirt that is tucked in.   Women have the tendency to follow trends more closely, dressing in professional blouses, layering in a lot of jewelry, and have hair fixed either up or down. I think that the 1950s version of men implies that men were more business-minded and sophisticated. They wanted to make formal impressions.   Women were more modest.   People who work dress more casual and those with a career dress more professional with the exception of women who will be trendier but still look like career women so they are taken seriously.  They wanted to make formal impressions.   Women were more modest.   People who work dress more casual and those with a career dress more professional with the exception of women who will b e trendier but still look like career women so they are taken seriously.

Ethical and legal issues of do not resuscitate orders Essay

Ethical and legal issues of do not resuscitate orders - Essay Example Who decides how and when should a terminally ill patient die? Should we or shouldn’t we prolong the life of a patient who has no hope of a having a good life in the future? What is morally right and ethical? Should the patient be made to decide whether or not he/she wants to be resuscitated or do we â€Å"play God† and decide how life should be taken away? The issuance and the implementation of Do Not Resuscitate orders (DNR) in hospitals have been a very sensitive issue in all walks of life not just the medical sector most especially those cases involving the operating room where time is clearly of the essence and sometimes, decisions have to be made outright by the healthcare practitioners attending to the patient. In cases of patients in the OR, where there are no clear advance instructions, there is no time for healthcare practitioners to confer with the patient or his/her immediate family, thus, often times, decisions are made relying solely on the medical judgment of the attending healthcare practitioners. As these develop, many arguments have been presented and cases have reached the courts arguing the validity and morality of a DNR most especially those involving the operating theatre. This resulted in formal attempts to define the physicians’ obligations in such cases, resulting to varied and sometimes contradicting conclusions. Consent of the patient for example, have generated different reactions in terms of legislations. The state of New York passed legislation in 1988 mandating patient consent to DNR orders [New York State Public Health Law, 1988]. However, recent joint statement by the British Medical Association, the Resuscitation Council (UK) and the Royal College of Nursing [BMA, RC (UK) RCN. 2001] in the United Kingdom did not specifically require patient consent to DNR orders. It does however

Teen Gang Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Teen Gang Violence - Essay Example After months of this daily grind in a hot, inhospitable place, the Grants head back to Princeton to interpret the data." (12-14). Weiner describes Endler's work: "What the Grants are to Darwin's finches, Endler is to guppies. His guppies live in northeastern South America, in the small streams that zigzag down the mountains of Venezuela, Margarita Island, Trinidad, and Tobago, flashing through steep, undisturbed green forests and then the broad spreads of the old cacao and coffee plantations, on their way to the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic".(12) Weiner discusses the guppies: "When Endler analyzed his guppy surveys, he discovered a pattern. The spots on each guppy look chaotic, but the spots of all the populations of guppies in a stream, taken together, from the headwaters down to the base, have a kind of order. The spots on each population of guppies bear a simple relationship to the number of guppy eaters in their part of the stream. The more numerous the guppies' enemies were, the smaller and fainter the guppies' spots. The fewer their enemies, the larger and brighter their spots were" (13). As Endler shows, environments influences characteristics, the same can be seen in human environments. The guppies are basically shaped by their environment. The environment has a strong impact on the youth and guppies. The prevalence of youth gangs in a place will most likely increase the number of youth who are involved in gang activities. Similarly, the presence of guppies in a place gives way to a community of guppies that are present there.In the United States alone, almost 5,000 communities report having juvenile gangs (Moore and Terrett, 6). These communities have a total of 31,000 juvenile gangs with a membership of around 850,000 young people. These numbers shows that juvenile gangs are present on local communities throughout the United States (Moore and Terrett, 6). Similarly, guppies tend to stay together in a particular stream. Endler studied the streams which are natural laboratories for the study of natural selection of guppies. Weiner writes further "Endler developed s tandardized methods of identifying the guppies and measuring guppy spots. His method of study is as careful Grants' methods with Darwin's finches. He learned to anesthetize and photograph each guppy he caught. Then from the photographs he recorded the color and position of each spot of every male guppy, dividing each guppy into dozens of sectors to make a standardized guppy map that is easy to read, to tally, and to enter into a computer." (14-15). There are factors that affect the presence of gangs and guppies. In the case of guppies, Weiner cites that "Endler found guppies and at least a few of their enemies in almost every section of almost every stream, from the headwaters near the summit of each mountain to the plains and plantations below. Neither the guppies nor the guppy eaters can swim up a waterfall, nor the population of each section of stream tend to stay put" (16).There are predisposing factors for youth gangs. "Poverty and marginalization" are major factors that signal the presence of youth gangs in a community (Duffy and Gilig, 25). Duffy and Gilig explain that marginalization is a term that refers to the state of

Breast Cancer and Palliative Care Issues

Breast Cancer and Palliative Care Issues Hina Mirza The purpose of this writing is to highlight issues of the patient in palliative consideration, which a patient faced throughout the disease process and at terminal stage of illness. Moreover, it will drag one’s attention towards some strategies to deal patient with advance cancer. A 54 year old female with known case of ductal cell carcinoma of left breast, came to the hospital with the complaint of oozing and pain in fungating wound large in size present at the primary site of tumor. When I encountered the patient, she was very drowsy and unable to talk due to mouth ulcers that have been developed a week ago. Upon taking history from the patient’s attendants, they verbalize that the patient got breast cancer for 1.5 years and since then she was on homeopathic treatment. Moreover, the patient initially didn’t inform anyone about her disease, not even to her husband. Later, when symptoms got exacerbate she disclosed her problem to the family members. Consequently, she was taken to a cancer hospital, where a doctor recommended her for a biopsy. Thus, the results revealed breast carcinoma. Even after, she didn’t consult to the doctor and continued her homeopathic medication. While taking care of the patient, I got an opportunity to approach her about the reasons behind postponement in the diagnosis and the variables that make her condition decline. One of the reasons she gave in regards to not counseling a specialist or not having a legitimate treatment was monetary instability, an alternate reason was absence of awareness with respect to tumor treatment and misconceptions identified with its side effects. Besides, after a time of 1 year when her condition got crumble and a tumor in her breast uncovered as fungating wound, a relative took her again to the cancer hospital, from that point she was referred to the Baitul Sukoon for palliative consideration. The patient verbalizes torment because of mouth ulcers and as indicated by speciali sts her tumor has been metastasized to different parts of the body including liver and brain. Moreover, the patient likewise expressed that she will give priority to the treatment other than surgery on the grounds that she is afraid about losing her breast and it will alter her body image. In addition to it, the patient’s attendant stated that her nutrition pattern has been also effected which causes weakness. The patient was prepared and very much aware of her condition. For a week she has been on laxatives and as indicated by the specialist she had developed encephalopathy. Following 2 weeks of hospitalization; she died because of deteriorated condition. Breast cancer is a serious health issue among women throughout the world. According to a consultant at Shaukat Khanam Memorial Cancer Hospital, in Pakistan it is estimated that 1 in 9 women develops breast cancer once at any stage of their life. Cancer affects a person not only physically, but also cause spiritual, sexual, and psychological distress. When considering a physical domain of the patient in palliative care, she was suffering from pain and mouth ulcers which as a result altered her communication pattern. On the other hand, she was very drowsy, her dietary intake has also decreased and the patient has not passed stools for 2 days. Looking forward to the above mentioned symptoms firstly, mouth sore is among common indications in cancer patient in light of the fact that when patients are in critical condition, they lack oral hygiene as a result becomes more prone to infection. In addition to it, infections in cancer patients remain a major complication due to effects of malig nancy i.e. neutropenia. These patients require prompt antibiotics (Bodey, 2004). As the patient mentioned in the above scenario was getting augmentation. As indicated by literature, oral cavity plays a vital role in communication and dietary pattern and in cancer patient alterations in the oral cavity is common because of the certainty of diminished in preventive consideration (Eilers Million, 2011). Secondly, impaired oral cavity results in decreased intake of food that is critical at this stage of cancer. Decline in nutrition is considered normal at the terminal stage of life as a result malnutrition, cachexia is commonly found in patient with palliative care (Capra, ferguson, Ried, 2001). Thirdly, the patient was showing symptoms of encephalopathy. As literature evidenced that as an outcome of some metabolic disturbance, encephalopathy is a common clinical syndrome in cancer patients (Lore, Anne, Patrick, Simon, 2012). Relating it to the above scenario, the patient has been be d ridden for 2 months, not passing stool and she has been on laxative since 2 weeks. The purpose of giving laxative was to prevent hyper ammonia in the body which can cause encephalopathy. According to Willson, Nott, Broadbridge, Price (2013) hepatic encephalopathy as a result of liver infiltration is common among metastatic malignancy. Analyzing the psycho-social factors that becomes hindrance to care and approach to treatment as part palliative care were fear related to losing her breast, unawareness of the patient and her family members about disease and treatment options linked with socio-cultural barriers, financial issues, and preference towards alternative drugs i.e. homeopathic treatment. According to a research it was found that patients with breast cancer who consulted a doctor had fear of mastectomies. Firstly, the reason behind fear was lack of awareness about treatment option available for breast cancer such as procedures that are less invasive like lumpectomies. Due to the fact, women avoid availing proper check up and maintained non-compliance to the cancer therapy (Memon et al., 2013). Secondly, among socio-cultural barriers, lack of information related to disease due to low education reported by women. This ultimately delays the approach to health care, even with prominent signs and symptoms of a di sease such as nodule, edema and erythema. One of the reasons behind avoidance is social myths, society including friends and family gives different meaning to these symptoms, which minimize its seriousness. Moreover, cultural barriers have strong impact on getting awareness related to breast cancer. According to Banning, Hassan, Faisal, Hafeez (2010) many Asian women do not perform self breast examination because of a taboo related to touching own body parts, feeling embarrassment to discuss intimate body parts and to consult a male physician. According to literature myths around the pathology of breast cancer causes late diagnosis and hindrance to care (Goncalves et al., 2014). Thirdly, cancer treatment is considered financially devastating burden to the family because they have to pay for the treatment by themselves (Daher, 2012). Therefore, initiating treatment becomes psychologically distressing for the patient and for the family. Relating it to the scenario, the patient didnâ €™t disclose her problem to the family member due to myths and unawareness related to disease. Lastly, in my opinion the main factor that contributes to delay in diagnosis and worse the patient’s condition was preferences for homeopathic medicine and this again could be linked with lack of awareness related to the availability of treatment options. According to a research it’s commonly reported that individual with cancer seek alternative medicine due to misconception associated with treatment options (Daher, 2012). Moreover, unconventional methods, including traditional herbal medicine and healers over doctors for cancer treatment also reported in a study of women associated with delay seeking medical advice (Memon et al., 2013). Numerous factors contribute towards, delay and obstruction in treatment of breast malignancy. In terms of prioritize the variables that add to delay in diagnosis were unawareness related to the options available for treatment, socio-cultural hindrances, choosing alternative medicine, and financial issues. On individual level health professionals must respect autonomy of the patient and inclination of treatment. It is ones obligation to explain potential harm of such alternative treatment. Besides, when health care prrovider experience patients with breast tumor, they should explain its risk factors and preventive measures to the patient and their family members for precautionary purpose. On hospital level, staff should be well trained to deal cross culturally and care for the patient with interdisciplinary aspects and according to patients needs. These can include care according to patient’s comfortability level, counseling patient’s family regarding disease and helping them to select suitable and appropriate treatment options. Moreover, the Government should organize an awareness program to educate the patient with respect to primary prevention, which includes awareness related to self breast examination, treatment options that are less invasive as a secondary prevention and tertiary prevention that should include the concept of palliative care, and information about the institution that provide palliative and hospice care. On the other hand, female health care professionals should be given first priority to be trained to deal with culturally sensitive issues. Together, these contributions can help to eradicate issues related to breast cancer and will support patients suffering from it. References Banning,M., Hassan,M., Faisal,S., Hafeez,H. (2010). Cultural interrelationships and the lived experience of Pakistani breast cancer patients.European Journal of Oncology Nursing. doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2010.05.001 B-Articles. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.shaukatkhanum.org.pk/news-a-events/events/228.html BODEY,G. (1986). Infection in cancer patients: A continuing association.American Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(86)90510-3 Capra,S., Ferguson,M., Ried,K. (2001). Cancer: impact of nutrition intervention outcome—nutrition issues for patients.Nutrition. doi:10.1016/S0899-9007(01)00632-3 Daher,M. (2012). Cultural beliefs and values in cancer patients.Annals of Oncology. doi:10.1093/annonc/mds091 Eilers,J., Million,R. (2011). Clinical Update: Prevention and Management of Oral Mucositis in Patients with Cancer.Seminars in Oncology Nursing. doi:10.1016/j.soncn.2011.08.001 Gonà §alves,L.C., Travassos,G.L., Almeida,A.M., Guimarà £es,A.N., Gois,C.F. (2014). Barriers in health care to breast cancer: perception of women*. Retrieved from DOI: 10.1590/S0080-623420140000300002 Kingsley,C. (2010).Cultural and Socioeconomic Factors Affecting Cancer Screening, Early Detection and Care in the Latino Population. Lore,L., Anne,S., Patrick,S., Simon,V.B. (2012). Neoplasm Related Encephalopathies. InMiscellanea on Encephalopathies A Second Look(pp.91-120). INTECH Open Access Publisher. Memon,Z.A., Shaikh,A.N., Rizwan,S., Sardar,M.B. (2013). Reasons for Patient’s Delay in Diagnosis of Breast Carcinoma in Pakistan. Retrieved from DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.12.7409 Willson,K.J., Nott,L.M., Broadbridge,V.T., Price,T. (2013). Hepatic Encephalopathy Associated With Cancer or Anticancer Therapy.Gastrointest Cancer Research,6(1), 11-16. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3597933/

The True American Hero :: Essays Papers

The True American Hero Heroism demands self-sacrifice, self-discipline, self-confidence and self-respect. Ulysses S. Grant had these qualities in their most complete form. He set out from humble beginnings, and failed. At the age of 38 was a conspicuous failure. Then, like few of us, he succeeded beyond belief. Had he not had tremendous greatness within him, he could never have accomplished what he did. How did such a simple, honest and humble man raise himself in the eyes of his people and the world to the highest position a man or woman can reach - that of a national hero? Grant remained a child at heart throughout his life, and seems never to have realized that he was one. His faith in the goodness of humanity was unbounded, and he was taken advantage of. His simplicity of nature was remarkable, yet this simplicity was the mainspring of his success; certainly it was the first asset of his generalship. While McClellan could see nothing beyond his own operations and Halleck nothing outside of his textbooks, Grant saw things as they were, uncontaminated by his ideas or anyone elses. He saw that the entire problem of winning the civil war was nothing more than an equation between pressure and resistance. The side which pressed the hardest along the lines of least resistance was going to win. His simplicity was the foundation of his modesty and honesty. He could not bear shams, pretensions and humbug. He despised after-dinner speeches and such orations because he felt they were silly; he simply could not deliver them. His orders were always clear, because they were always simple, honest and modest. He could not understand why a man should be dishonest, for to him honesty always seemed the best policy. His modesty taught him self-control, and his sense of duty was exceeded only by his duty towards his country. Self-control leads to self-respect, to dignity without arrogance, to pride without vulgarity, to ambition without selfishness, and Grant possessed all these many virtues to the highest degree. He was not "dignified" in the way that General Lee was, though rough and ready, he was always a gentleman, in the best meaning of the word. He was proud of his soldiers and his work, and ambitious to do his utmost for his country. He had so great a faith in the Union cause that he never for a moment lost hope that in the end it would succeed.

Ranch Girl by Maile Meloy from Contemporary American Short Fiction

The story is told in second person, which gives the reader a sense of being in the story, at the same time being an observer. It begins with telling you where you stand in the socio-economics’ and in the eyes of your peers. â€Å"If you’re white, and you’re not rich or poor but somewhere in the middle, it’s hard to have worse luck than be born a girl on the Ranch. It doesn’t matter if your father is the foreman or the rancher – you’re still a ranch girl, and you’ve been dealt a bad hand. † (551) The story goes on, telling you where you where you live on the Ranch, who your father is (the foreman on Ted Haskell’s Running H cattle Ranch) and how you keep your room still decorated from when you were ten. You never have friends over, so you can keep your room that way. You never have friends over because no one wants to come over to a Ranch girl’s house. The second person point of view pangs at the readers emotions. You feel the hunger for attention and flush it creates when Andy Tyler flirts with you. The author re-creates the feelings of a teenage girl, somewhere on the cusp of popularity, in such a way it is almost impossible not to get caught up with the story. I was never a Ranch girl, but when reading the story I felt akin to the feelings of the narrator. The experiences described are vastly different from any of my own child/young adulthood but the universal truths laid out are the same with any person. The narrator has fallen in love with a boy from the rodeo. She goes and watches him fight every Friday. She s sixteen and the Ranchers daughter, Carla, and her curls they hair into perfect ringlets. Trying to catch Andy’s eye. When he gets up from fighting, he asks her to give him a rainbow and she twirls her rainbow gloved hand around his face. The narrator wants to marry Andy Tyler. The blushing hope of picking out her future husband harks back the authors understanding of a young girl. â€Å"Virginity is as important to rodeo boys as to Catholics, and you don’t go home and fuck Andy Tyler because when you finally get him, you want to keep him. But you like his asking. Some nights, he doesn’t ask. Some nights, Lacey Estrada climbs into Andy’s truck, dark hair bouncing in soft curls on her shoulders, and moves close to Andy on the front seat as they drive away†¦. But cowboys are romantics; when they settle down they want the girl they haven’t fucked. † (553) The narrator doesn’t feel too jealous of Lacey Estrada because she knows that Andy is like every other rodeo boy. He won’t marry a girl who he (or anyone else) has fucked. This statement is then contested after Andy Tyler dies in an accident. The paper announces in Andy Tyler’s obituary that he was engaged to Lacey Estrada. When reading this, the author goes on to detail the narrators feelings that you can almost taste the salt tears from being hurt. â€Å"Andy’s obituary says he was engaged to Lacey Estrada, which only Lacey or doctor father could have put in. If you had the guts you’d buy every paper in town and burn them outside that big white house where Lacey took him home and fucked him. Then Lacey shows up on the Hill with an engagement ring and gives you a sad smile as if you shared something. If you were one of the girls who gets in fights on the Hill, you’d fight Lacey. But you don’t; you look away† (556) I think putting this piece into second person was an excellent choice. If the piece were in first person, it might have been too emotionally sentimental, or with too much angst. If the piece was in third, it might not have been able to capture the vulnerability of the narrator. The narrator shuts down after Andy’s death, although it might be because of his death she has more options than if he had been alive. The narrator feels cheated, alone since he died, but she continued through high school where her science teachers (who saw through her ignorant facade) encouraged and bothered her to go to college. In the first course in college, the professor accuses her of plagiarism because she can write. The feelings of frustration and anger, feeling cheated out of a life with Andy to be left alone. The narrator feels the expectations of others enshrouding her, something that would not have been if Andy Tyler had not died in that car crash. â€Å"You are so lucky to have a degree and no kid,† Carla says, â€Å"You can still leave. † (558). The narrator has the world around her telling her how she can still leave, how she has nothing to tie her to the Ranch, or to Montana anymore. She can go. â€Å"But none of these things seem real; what’s real is the payments on your car and your mom’s crazy horses, the feel of the ranch road as you can drive blindfolded and the smell of the hay†¦. But out there in there world you get old. You don’t get old here. Here you can always be a Ranch girl. † (558) The tangible things that tie someone to a place has nothing on the emotional ties. Andy Tyler might have died and left her alone, but he still ties her to the Ranch by his memory. The stolen life taken by a drunk driver took not only Andy Tyler, but also the narrators by taking him from her. She wastes her potential by pining and mourning someone she should have moved on from years ago. The sad desperation is clear in the description, in how the author portrayed the narrator through the second person point of view. The narrator comes off much more sympathetic and her motives are clearly understandable through the second person point of view. I don’t think that any other point of view could have given such a clear view of the narrator life.

The Science of Nicotine and Weight Loss

The Science of Nicotine and Weight Loss Many people have health-related questions about chemicals. One of the most common is whether nicotine promotes weight loss. Were not talking about smoking- which involves a complex set of chemicals and physiological processes- but using pure nicotine, which is available in over-the-counter products intended to help people quit smoking. If you search for information about the effects of nicotine, youll find all sorts of research on smoking, but relatively little on the health effects of this one specific chemical. Nicotines Effect on the Body A  Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS),  such as the Sigma Aldrich MSDS for nicotine,  indicates nicotine is a naturally occurring isomer that is an acetylcholine receptor agonist. It is a stimulant that causes the release of epinephrine (also known as adrenaline). This neurotransmitter increases heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration, and also produces higher blood glucose levels. One of the side effects of nicotine, especially at higher doses, is appetite suppression and nausea. In other words, nicotine is a drug that raises your metabolic rate while suppressing your appetite. It activates the brains pleasure and reward center, so some users may use nicotine to feel good instead of, for example, eating donuts. These are well-documented biological effects of nicotine, but they dont give a firm answer regarding whether or not the drug helps with weight loss. There are some studies that indicate that smokers may lose weight. Limited studies have been conducted regarding weight loss and nicotine use, in part because of the perception that nicotine is addictive. Its interesting to note that while tobacco is addictive, pure nicotine actually is not. It is the monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) in tobacco that leads to addiction, so people taking nicotine who are not exposed to monoamine oxidase inhibitors do not necessarily suffer addiction and withdrawal from the substance. However, users do develop a physiological tolerance to nicotine, so it might be expected that, as with other stimulants, weight loss from nicotine use would be most successful over a short term, losing effectiveness with chronic use. Sources Audrain, Janet E., et al. â€Å"Relationship between Obesity and the Metabolic Effects of Smoking in Women.† Health Psychology, vol. 14, no. 2, 1995, pp. 116–123.Cabanac, Michel, and Patrick Frankham. â€Å"Evidence That Transient Nicotine Lowers the Body Weight Set Point.† Physiology Behavior, vol. 76, no. 4-5, 2002, pp. 539–542.Leischow, S. J. â€Å"Effects of Differing Nicotine-Replacement Doses on Weight Gain after Smoking Cessation.† Archives of Family Medicine, vol. 1, no. 2, 1992, pp. 233–237.Neese, R. A., et al. â€Å"Metabolic Interactions between Surplus Dietary Energy Intake and Cigarette Smoking or Its Cessation.† American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 267, no. 6, 1994.Nides, Mitchell, et al. â€Å"Weight Gain as a Function of Smoking Cessation and 2-Mg Nicotine Gum Use among Middle-Aged Smokers with Mild Lung Impairment in the First 2 Years of the Lung Health Study.† Health Psychology, vo l. 13, no. 4, 1994, pp. 354–361.Perkins, K. A. â€Å"Metabolic Effects of Cigarette Smoking.† Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 72, no. 2, 1992, pp. 401–409. Pirie, P L, et al. â€Å"Smoking Cessation in Women Concerned about Weight.† American Journal of Public Health, vol. 82, no. 9, 1992, pp. 1238–1243.Schwid, S R, et al. â€Å"Nicotine Effects on Body Weight: a Regulatory Perspective.† The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 55, no. 4, 1992, pp. 878–884.Winders, Suzan E., et al. â€Å"Use of Phenylpropanolamine to Reduce Nicotine Cessation Induced Weight Gain in Rats.† Psychopharmacology, vol. 108, no. 4, 1992, pp. 501–506.

Great Depression and

Great Depression and Great Depression and -the Automobile Industry Essay New Deal Economy in the 1920s -The decade of the 1920s saw a tremendous rise in the stock market and the economy was prospering. -Henry Ford was a manufacturing genius and knew how to make cars that people could afford. -The automobile industry became one of the most important industries in the nation. -It stimulated growth in many related industries, such as steel, rubber, glass, tool companies, and gasoline. -The 1920s was a period in which many men and women could afford not only the means of subsistence, but a considerable amount of what they wanted. -Middle class families purchased new appliances such as electric refrigerators, washing machines, electric irons, and vacuum cleaners. -Women purchased cosmetics and mass produced fashions. -Agriculture in the 1920s, like industry, was embracing new technologies. The number of tractors on American farms quadrupled during the decade. -These new technologies greatly increased agricultural production, but the demand for the goods was not rising as fast as the production. -This resulted in substantial surpluses, a decline in food prices, and a severe drop in farmers’ income. -More than 3 million people left agriculture altogether during this decade. Of those who remained, many lost ownership of their land and had to rent instead from banks or other landlords. -Because of this, many farmers began to demand relief in the form of government price supports. Stock Market Crash -The Federal Reserve expanded the money supply during the 1920s by about 80 percent. -Prices went up some, but not by 80 percent. Most of the extra money was getting sucked into the stock market causing stocks to go up and stocks were going up more than ever before, more than anyone had ever seen. -The average person in the 1920s didn’t invest in the stock market like they do today, but those who did invest made a lot of money. -Many people bought stock on margin. This is taking a loan to buy more stock than you can really afford, with the stock being the collateral for the margin loan. -Some people were getting rich from buying on margin. -In February 1928 stock prices began a steady rise that continued, with few temporary lapses, for a year and a half. -Trading grew from 2 or 3 million shares a day to over 5 million, and at times 10 or 12 million. -In 1929 things took a turn for the worst as the stock market went south. -Why did that happen? It’s hard to explain why stock markets do what they do (like a herd of animals in the wild, the slightest thing can spook them). The Federal Reserve saw that it had created a monster, the economy was kind of like a runaway train (they had blown a giant bubble with the inflation and are trying to suck the air out of it without it popping in their face, it doesn’t work). -In October 1929 the stock market loses a huge percentage in one day. -On October 21 and 23 there were alarming declines in stock prices, but both cases were followed by temporary recoveries. -On October 29, known as â€Å"Black Tuesday,† all efforts to save the market failed and in the months that followed it continued to decline. -It would remain deeply depressed for more than four years and would not fully recover until the 1940s. -Some people even jumped out of windows in response to the crash, having lost everything. -Stock began to drop to less than the marginal loans people took out on them. They now had no collateral and had to come up with liquid money (cash) to pay the difference. People began to sell everything to come up with the money, they pulled money out of the banks, and some banks went under and then people lost their money in those banks. -The disaster at the upper end of the economy trickled down to the rest of the economy. -Businesses began going under, factories were closing, creating lot of unemployment, and people began lining up to get unemployment relief. -What happened to the rich had repercussions throughout the economy and many suffered as

Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Project management - Essay Example The main problem that is faced when managing the project is that the manager has to achieve the goals that have been set within time limits and a defined budget. Project life-cycle management is the system of management of the whole product lifespan beginning from the concept, designing manufacturing and the service. Gido and Clements (2008) add that the Project lifecycle management forms the base of information for companies by giving them a structured method of sorting and utilizing information, which is crucial for the existence of the project. Project management is essential in the corporate world as ever firm needs a good managerial procedure for the information that is involved in the execution of a business endeavor. Benefits Being a software developer, I work on different projects for different firms to develop their software and realize how such project management helps enhance the efficiency of the firm. For instance I recently developed software for Grubb and Ellis. The fi rm had software development for the different stages of their work. The main project was to implement Lease Management of real estate commercial leases for receivable and payable leases with their respective general ledger charts of accounts, Project Management which included the construction of building improvement projects with budgets and electronic approvals and lastly Facilities management which included tenant services requests to fix problems within their premises which included maintenance both preventive and proactive. Gido and Clements (2008) explain that the benefit of this software for the firm was that it helped in the organization of the whole business. In addition, it reduced the time for execution and thus saved the firm a lot of time. Since every transaction and service was now organized, it reduced a lot of costs and increased the overall efficiency by making systematic ledger accounts of all transactions for receivable and payable of the real estate. Moreover, thi s also improved the entire service quality as individual transaction was visible and categorized which enabled the firm to make customized dealings and giving personalized attention to every customer. In addition, since every transaction and record was properly entered, there was a log of everything and the timing of every transaction; every customer request for maintenance etc was also known which made the entre service very precise, which was appreciated by the customers. Moreover, with such project management software, the firm was also able to assess potential opportunities for business and how beneficial every customer could be in the future. With this, the firm was able to direct its resources in a more positive fashion and in turn earn the business better revenues. In addition, since the data had been stored systematically, it now became easier to go back and forth to older data and save time. Moreover, an optimized version of every product was seen as everything was operated via software and the products and services were now easier to understand and implement. The model of the business can also be replicated in other regions if the firm plans to expand its business. The system would also enable the firm to operate its regional offices through one system and since there were centralized product and services records, decision-making was facilitated and there was a better control over

Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Rhetorical Analysis - Essay Example The story awakens readers that despite how long time ago God had spoken to his people, through dreams, visions, and nature, but he still does the same today. He does speak to people who believes in him, and obeys him without having a second thought. He speaks to them through impressions, events, and thoughts (â€Å"Does God Still† (A)). The text is no ordinary nonfiction and it happens in real, everyday life. It can drive the reader to react to an emotional level since the story has something to do with the person’s relationship with a supreme being and not every person has the kind of intimate relationship with God, to the point that the character talks to God, asks him questions and to the point also that God himself responses. The text goes, â€Å"As he drove down the main street of his town, he had the strangest thought, stop and buy a gallon of milk. He shook and said out loud, ‘God is that you?’ It continues, â€Å"He stopped and purchased the gallon of milk and started off toward home, he again felt the urge, ‘turn down that street’† (â€Å"Does God Still Speak to Us?†). The writer’s purpose is to motivate the readers that it is possible for man to converse with God today and it is possible also that God will answer and will speak right through a person’s thoughts. But the writer wants to emphasize that for man to be able to hear from God, he must first believe that he exists. God only speaks to people who have faith in him, for without faith, it is impossible to establish a relationship with him. He also emphasizes the value of trust that comes along with having faith. In the text, â€Å"He started to open the door and then sat back in the car seat. ‘Lord, this is insane. Those people are asleep and if I wake them up, they are going to be mad and I will look stupid.’ Again, he felt like he should go and give the milk† (â€Å"Does God Still Speak to Us?†). Here we can see how much the man puts his trust to God even when it

Assignment for Business Economics and Finance Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

For Business Economics and Finance - Assignment Example 4). There are of course several accounting specialties and each of them is important in their own characteristics (Bonner et al. 2006). 2. Case of Halfords A. Identify the main accounting books that can be used by Halfords to records transactions. Halfords is a company that buys and sells bicycles. The main financial statements that can be used by organizations to record is financial condition, especially business organizations are the balance sheet, income statement, and the statement of cash flows (Stice et al. 2004). The balance sheet â€Å"reports, as of a certain point in time, the resources of a company (the assets), the obligations (the liabilities), and the net differences between its assets and liabilities, which represents the equity of its owners† (Stice et al. 2004, p. 10). The balance sheet addresses two fundaments information: what it owns and what it owes (Stice et al. 2004). The income statement â€Å"reports, for a certain interval, the net assets generated t hrough business operations (revenues), the net assets consumed (expenses) and the difference, which is called net income† (Stice et al. 2004, p. 10). ... 2004, p. 11). Stice et al. (2004, p. 11) pointed out that the â€Å"statement of cash flows is the most objective of the financial statements because it is somewhat insulated from the accounting estimates and judgment needed to prepare a balance sheet and an income statement.† Meanwhile, â€Å"accounting statements and judgments are outline in the notes to the financial statements† (Stice et al. 2004, p. 11). â€Å"The notes contain supplemental information as well as information about items not included in the financial statements† (Stice et al. 2004, p. 11). Stice et al. (2004, p. 11) pointed out that â€Å"each financial statement routinely carries the following warning at the bottom of the statements: ‘The notes to the financial statements are integral part of this statement.† B. Describe the usual transactions recorded by this company The usual transactions recorded by a company engaged in buying and selling a merchandise like in the buying and selling of bicycles in which Halfords is engaged cover buying the merchandise to sell, maintaining and monitoring the inventory of the merchandise, recording assets and liabilities, recording sales and revenues, payments for overheads like the rent for the store space and the city services involved, and payment of taxes. 3. In a press release, Halfords explained that its income statement for 2011 will show a loss. A. What is the meaning of this loss? Statements of loss are determined by the assumptions adopted in the financial statement. It is important to stress that losses are profit are based on the firm of operations as recorded by the accountants serving the firm. For instance, it may happen that the Halfords would be reflecting a loss but because the bicycles that are sold were purchased from a manufacturing firm

Wildlife & conservation statistics Essay Example for Free

Wildlife conservation statistics Essay Extinction of Species †¢ Every 20 minutes, the world adds another 3,500 human lives but loses one or more entire species of animal or plant life at least 27,000 species per year. (Source: PBS) †¢ At the present rates of extinction, as many as 20% of the worlds 7-15 million species could be gone in the next 30 years. This rate of extinction has been unprecedented since the disappearance of dinosaurs 65 million years ago (Source: WWF). Habitat Destruction (Source: Animal Alliance, unless stated otherwise) †¢ Human population reached 1 billion by 1800. Over 6 billion by 2000. Conservative estimates predict that our population will reach 9 billion people by 2050 (Source: Population Reference Bureau). †¢ The hourly destruction of an estimated 240 acres of natural habitat is directly attributable to the growth in human populations. †¢ 80% of the decline in biological diversity is caused by habitat destruction. Plight of Rhinos (Source: International Rhino Foundation) †¢ Of the dozens of species of rhino that once roamed the earth, only 5 now exist. †¢ Where there were once over 100,000 black rhinos on the plains of Africa, there are now only 2,707 on the entire continent. †¢ The staggering decimation of the rhino population is due to poaching, to satisfy the demand for the horn for use in Eastern traditional medicines and as dagger handles. †¢ Prices up to US$40,000 a kilo have been recorded for the much prized rhino horn more than 5 times the price of gold. The African Elephant (Source: CITES) †¢ 5 -10 million African elephants existed in 1930. Less than 1% of that number (approximately 600,000) remained when they were added to the international list of the most endangered species in 1989. †¢ Demand for ivory combined with loss of habitat from human settlement led to these huge declines in population. African Wild Dog (Source: American Museum of Natural History) †¢ Listed as one of the worlds most endangered canids, and the most endangered predator in Africa, there are now only between 4,000-5,000 African wild dogs in the wild. †¢ A century ago, African wild dog packs numbering a hundred or more animals could be seen roaming the Serengeti Plains. Today, pack size averages about 10, and the total population on the Serengeti is probably less than 60 dogs. †¢ Due to their large home ranges, African wild dogs are particularly vulnerable to habitat destruction. †¢ They are widely regarded as pests, and poisoned, shot, trapped and snared in many areas. †¢ Their most serious threat, though, is introduced diseases. Burgeoning human populations have brought the African wild dogs into frequent contact with domestic dogs, many of which carry canine distemper and rabies. The African Lion (Source: Enkosini Wildlife Sanctuary) †¢ The African lions numbers are diminishing rapidly due to habitat destruction, persecution by livestock farmers outside of protected areas, and human greed. 10,000-15,000 free-roaming African lions remain, down from 50,000 a decade ago. †¢ The willingness of Asians and Westerners to pay handsomely for lion head trophies combined with the urgent need for revenue among African locals means that these great predators are increasingly hunted for sport. †¢ Trophy hunting not only depletes the population of the African lion, but threatens its gene pool as well. Killing the dominant male of a pride (normally the target of a trophy hunt) sets off a chain of instinctive behavior in which the subsequent dominant male kills all the young of the previous male (6-8 estimated deaths result from each male shot). Cheetahs (Source: The Cheetah Spot) †¢ In 1900 there were about 100,000 cheetah worldwide present estimates place their number at 10,000 -15,000 with about one tenth of those living in captivity. †¢ Throughout recorded history a cheetah pelt was a badge of wealth for its human owner. The animal was killed for its skin by some and captured for its hunting skills by others. More recently, increasing human populations have squeezed cheetahs and their prey from their natural habitats. Definitions †¢ Poaching is the illegal hunting, capture, or collecting of wildlife. Snaring is a common form of subsistence poaching and can lead to the maiming of many animals not intended for consumption. (Source: Bagheera: Glossary of terms ) †¢ Canned hunts are commercial hunts, which take place on private land under circumstances that virtually assure the hunter of success. The animal is often fenced in, or has been habituated to eating at a feeding station at the same time every day. Canned hunts are prevalent in the United States and South Africa. (Source: Animalunderworld. com).

The Us Containment Policy History Essay

The Us Containment Policy History Essay Power extension has always been a subject that fascinated me. There are countless ways in which groups of individuals can maintain interests of their communities and protect them from possible threats. This phenomenon has been known to the humanity ever since the first human got off the tree and straightened up. The more sophisticated tools we started using, the more dangerous the threat has become. First armies were created, followed up by intelligence services and counter-intelligence services investigating threats both foreign and domestic. By means of diplomacy, diversion, espionage, and violence mighty rulers were trying to guarantee national security by influencing the circumstances on different levels think of Vaticans interference in French politics via Cardinal Richelieu or Charlemagnes orders to execute thousands and convert the others forcefully into Christianity during the Saxon Wars. This concept remained unchanged for centuries and reached its peak in the 20th century, materializing in three terrifying wars of which one is also known as the Cold War. For me as a person interested in power extension is the latter an episode that cannot be overemphasized. For this reason I decided to devote my PWS to it. However, originally intending to write as much as possible about the Cold War and the mutual American and Russian relations precisely, I had to delimit the subject in order to comply with the quantitative requirements laid upon me. By means of a selection I chose the aspect of the Cold War which I found by far the most interesting, namely the basic assumptions of the post-war American politicians of how to prevent the communism from spreading, also known as the containment policy (derived from contain to keep something under control), and the political and military actions of the American Administration in which these communism-countering ideas can be recognized. In my paper, being as a matter of fact a written work of reference based on numerous sources, I will try to answer the question of how successful the containment policy invented and applied by the American policymakers in the years 1945-1949 turned out to be and to what degree it prevented the communism from spreading. Despite the subject concerns a short period of five years there is much to be written. It is never easy when it comes to explaining political decisions and therefore it is highly necessary to mention the underlying grounds, of which the gradual development led to the measures in question. So will my paper begin with the description of the primary reasons resulting in the introduction of the containment policy. Having described the latter I will focus on what I personally consider as the core of my work a summary of deductions concerning the Soviet post-war point of view written down by a high-rank diplomat working in the American Embassy in Moscow. The summary to be found in chapter 3 depicts concisely the direction that was to be given to the American foreign policy in response to the Soviet spreading ambitions. Theory and planning, however, are often not sufficient to bring the expected change. Real action is also required and so it must be addressed to in my paper in order to make the story complete. Chapter 4 will outline the efforts the US policymakers made as far as the application of the containment policy on the European political arena is considered. A careful and critical reader will find amongst lines the answer on how successful the containment proved to be. The chapter also leaves an open path for those who will attempt to imagine what the current world would look like if there were no communism-countering measures or individuals ready to devote their life to protection of democratic values. I find it necessary to mention that I wanted this PWS to be a challenge and some sort of test of my language skills since I am not a native speaker of English and my level of it is far from proficiency. I didnt choose the easiest way out which was writing this paper in Dutch a language I am much more familiar with. Instead I decided to use the opportunity to learn English vocabulary and grammatical constructions which I might not have memorized if I hadnt written it in the way I had. Before you continue reading I truly want you to know that it is not my intention to lay any idealistic beliefs upon you. On the contrary, I hope my paper will help you understand the past, which is after all necessary in order to live consciously in the present and create a future not based on ignorance of not knowing what the events taking place are caused by. Enjoy your journey back in time! Chapter 2: What were the primary reasons for the mutual distrust resulting in the introduction of the containment policy? The first section of this paper will throw some light on the background of the containment policy and, as a matter of fact, The Cold War itself. A proper comprehension of this part is necessary in order to answer the main question. After the very last tanks ceased firing and the Second World War ended, many realized how terribly destructive the war had been. It had materialized in thousands of destroyed cities and generations of young men who lost their lives in combat, not to mention civilians and their continuous fear for their lives. Many of the survivors were looking brightly at the future which was expected to bring about precious peace and prosperity. Unfortunately, only a few were aware of the threat that was about to arise. The Teheran Conference To be fully able to give a constructive answer to the question in the title we have to go back in time to 1943, from November 28 up to December 1 to be precise. The Teheran Summit was the first of the conferences held between all the members of the Big Three, giving shape to those that were about to be held within the next years. Allied leaders representing the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union pulled together in the Capital of their ally, Iran, to discuss measures that were necessary to overpower the common enemy. Apart from setting up a strategy that included synchronized operations to be undertaken from multiple directions, the Big Three agreed that they shall seek the cooperation and active participation of all nations, large and small, whose peoples in heart and mind are dedicated, as are our own peoples, to the elimination of tyranny and slavery, oppression and intolerance[1]. This encouraging press release was definitely an important sign of taking a step forward into creating some kind of an international organization that would avoid imperfections of its predecessor, The League of Nations. Preventing aggressive tendencies of any sort would be its major goal. Next to the certainty of participation of the Soviet Union, the United States and the United Kingdom in the project the question of any role that China and France should play came up. Odds enough the Chinese politicians had not been informed about the proposed understanding at that point of time as result of their disability to form a stable government. Thanks to the Churchills telegram sent to Roosevelt we can surely as shooting state that the British Head of State was more than willing to ignore his early reluctance concerning China if the American president kept pushing on their engagement. As regard to France, it is believed that Roosevelts strong antipathy towards De Gaulle might have been a factor why Frances involvement was not taken seriously at that point of negotiations. After all, the maintenance of peace by controlling, disarming, preventing from rearming in secret and, if necessary, a blockage against a country and its bombardment seemed to be accepted by each of the Heads of State. A press release saying We await the day, when all nations of the world will live peacefully, free of tyranny, according to their national needs and conscience [1] gave a deceptive impression of a complete cooperation. The question of resetting Polish boundaries, brought up by the Russian delegation (consisting of Joseph Stalin and the Soviet Defence Minister Klimentii Voroshilov), wasnt solved so easily. It was to become one of the most difficult discussion points which would dominate the Yalta Conference and caused first dents in the mutual trust between the Soviet Union and the other two allies. The Yalta Conference The second meeting of all three members of the Great Alliance was announced in January 1945. It became quite obvious that the issue of boundaries couldnt remain unresolved any longer after the Russian forces had entered on Polish soil nearly a year before on January, 2. The necessary solution was hoped to be found, as stated by Churchill, in the worst place in the world [2] Crimean Yalta. It must be mentioned that each of the participants of the summit held between February 4 and 11 was in the first place, quite logically, trying to maintain the interests of their own country. For the sake of this thesis the main bottlenecks connected to prospective mutual relations will be worked out in detail. These three completely different approaches can be summarized as follows: Winston Churchill mainly interested in the European arena and the French role in the occupation of Germany Franklin Delano Roosevelt agreement on the Far East and setting up a sort of organization of united nations Marshall Stalin the Polish question being a matter of great importance for the Soviet Union. Furthermore an interest in becoming a sphere of influence where the Soviet superiority would be accepted. The compromise about the United Nations came more easily than Roosevelt had ever expected. The deadlock on the voting procedure of the United Nations, about the right of veto to be precise, had been overcome and the number of Soviet republics, which were to participate, had been decreased from sixteen to at least two. Stalins postulates narrowed down to the issue of setting the Polish eastern frontiers at the Curzon Line a demarcation line that was proposed at the Paris Peace Conference as the eastern boundary of Poland excluding the city of Lvov with its huge percentage of Polish citizens. [3] The extremely complicated negotiations between the three Heads of State and both Polish governments (one in-exile and the second set up by the Russians) led to the adoption of the controversial Curzon Line. Stalins spreading intentions, except for the plausible argument of necessity to possess one more ice-free harbour, were perfectly described by Marshall Stalin himself to Ernest Evin, the British Foreign Secretary, saying: The United Kingdom had India and the Indian Ocean in her sphere of interest; the United States China and Japan; the USSR had nothing To guarantee the freedom of elections and establishment of democracy according to Western terms, the Big Three ratified the Joint Declaration on Liberated Europe that promised peoples liberated from the domination of Nazi Germany and the peoples of the former Axis satellite states of Europe to solve by democratic means their pressing political and economic problems'[4]. Nevertheless, the declaration above mentioned turned out to be completely meaningless as history has shown. Due to its conditional implementation and lack of binding commitments there was no legal force upon signatories to maintain the agreement. However, no violations of the Yalta agreements by Stalin were suspected at this point of time, as stated by Churchill. The impression I brought back from the Crimea, and from all my other contacts, is that Marshal Stalin and the Soviet leaders wish to live in honourable friendship and equality with the Western democracies. I feel also that their word is their bond. I know of no government which stands to its obligations, even in its own despite, more solidly than the Russian Soviet Government. I decline absolutely to embark here on a discussion about Russian good faith. It is quite evident that these matters touch the whole future of the world. [5] According to Professor Arthur Schlesinger signing the declaration by Stalin was a diplomatic blunder which became obvious just a month after the Big Three gathered in Yalta. The meetings, which were supposed to determine the best Polish democratic leader, eventually proved to be an excellent way for Soviet secret police to reach the prominent members of the former Polish resistance and make them disappear, despite the promised Soviet guarantee of immunity. It didnt take a long time before Churchills initially credulous account of the agreement transformed into the opposite conviction. By 13 March he sent a telegraph to Roosevelt with a statement that the Heads of State were in the presence of a great failure and an utter breakdown of what was settled at Yalta [6]. Twelve days later the British prime minister described the situation on the West-East border as an iron curtain, which is slowly descending. The following quotation illustrates just how dramatically the developments in the European arena were becoming. If the German people lay down their weapons, the Soviets, according to the agreement between Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin, would occupy all of East and Southeast Europe along with the greater part of the Reich. An iron curtain would fall over this enormous territory controlled by the Soviet Union, behind which nations would be slaughtered.'[7] In the meanwhile the messages exchanged between Stalin and Roosevelt, who were increasingly becoming the two bigger players in the Big Three, were full of mutual accusations of jeopardizing the vulnerable accord. The Potsdam Conference The Polish matter reached a dead end. How things developed couldnt be witnessed by Roosevelt, who died on 12 April 1945. His successor, Harry Truman, once vice-president under Roosevelt, was expected to continue the policy towards the Soviet Union initialized by Roosevelt. However, it became obvious from the beginning that the mild approach, continuously applied by his predecessor, wasnt Trumans favourite style of work. The Potsdam Conference, lasting from July 17 to August 2, aside of being a permanent confirmation of previously made agreements, became Trumans first significant opportunity to influence the US-USSR relationship, mainly because of its nuclear undertone. The US presidents decision not to fully inform Stalin about the rapid progress concerning the construction of an atomic weapon correctly delineates the prospective Trumans policy of hostility and inscrutability towards The Soviet Union. A mentioning of a new weapon of unusual destructive force [8] did not specially bot her Stalin, who was already in 1943 informed about an atomic weapon allegedly built in the West. Russian atomic project did not accelerate until Japan was bombed twice in September 1945. The order, given by Marshal Stalin to Igor Kurchatov, a leading Russian physicist, sounded more or less The balance has been destroyed. Provide the bomb (* No firm evidence of this record has remained until now but the sense of the message is kept unchanged). Chapter 3: What was the containment policy based on? In this paragraph I will briefly describe the major political events that gave shape to what is now understood as the containment policy. President Harry Truman, despite being known of his unyielding personality, lacked experience in foreign affairs and could hardly do without a number of political analysts. These happened to be influenced by the opinions of George F. Kennan (to be seen on the right hand), the prominent USSR specialist in the State Department and the charge daffaires at the American Embassy in Moscow, whose role in the process of the containment policy coming into life cant be over-emphasized. On February 22, 1946 he sent a long analysis of Soviet post-war outlook to his colleagues in the Capitol in Washington. https://blogs.princeton.edu/mudd/files/mt/images/kennan.jpg The so-called Long Telegram, of which the most relevant points are summarized below, became one of the major documents that the containment policy was based on. George F. Kennan [9] A brief characteristic of the Soviet point of view, according to the propaganda machine -The geographical and political surrounding of the USSR by capitalistic nations will eventually result in a battle for the economical leadership in the world, which will be also crucial for the fate of socialism/communism and capitalism. -Any actions, activities and happenings abroad which seem to correspond with the Soviet interests to a certain degree should be supported. In the long run the differences between capitalist countries will become too powerful to be overcome in a peaceful manner. No opportunity may be missed to turn the internal conflict into a communistic revolution. The background of the mentality The premises do not represent the point of view of an average Russian. The ordinary citizen, on the contrary to what is stated by the officials, is more than willing to contact the outside world and live peacefully. It must be kept in mind that the party is the villain The basic assumptions of the Russian propaganda machine pre-date the World War II, which makes it irrelevant and nothing more than incorrect (spoken in terms of 1940s). The premises are as much as necessary for the Russian party in order to deter Soviet citizens coming in contact with technically and economically more advanced West which might prove the fallibility of the communism/socialism. Steps that will be undertaken on the official (diplomatic) level -Increasing the outsiders perception of strength of the Soviet military arsenal and industrial development as much as social cohesion is a significant part of the national policy. On the other hand attempts will be made to conceal imperfections and weaknesses of the system. The efforts to extend Soviet political power will materialize themselves into territorial claims on the official level only after finishing unofficial preparations. Soviet participation in international organizations (as United Nations) serves only the pragmatic purposes of expanding the Soviet political influence on the international arena and reducing operational ability of others. United Nations are not seen as an instrument for a stable and peaceful world society based on interests of all nations. Even on the official level the Soviet Union will attempt to sabotage the relations between Western states and their (former) colonies in order to clear the path for the Soviet participation in policymaking. -Soviet politicians, while being abroad, will be urged to follow the strict diplomatic protocol with emphasis laid on good manners in order to increase the impression of the Soviet prestige. Suspected activities on the unofficial level, i.e. on level for which the Soviet administrations do not take responsibility I feel obliged to remark on the incredible importance of the following section. The contained statements are these that the Truman Administration (and any other following until the end of 1980s) had mostly to deal with. Actions on the unofficial level will be first of all directed to foreign organizations, movements, societies and governments that are regarded as susceptible for, what the party asserted, the Russian sense of nationalism and Marx ideas of equality. The left-wing activists, officially members of Western Labour Parties, were encouraged to work on underground lines and were intensively instructed by politicians in Moscow. A diversity of organizations and associations, such as racial, feministic or religious societies, is highly exposed to penetration. Even the subdivisions of the Orthodox Church located abroad are at risk of being penetrated. George Kennan states that organizations above mentioned will be solely used in fields of their expertise, e.g. influential orthodox activists would jeopardize any thinkable actions of Protestant politicians. Further explanations follow: Increasing industrial and social unrest and stimulation of all possible forms of disunity will result in undermining operational potential of the western states and breaking off the national confidence. In countries forced into colonial relationships outstandingly cruel actions will be undertaken to destroy relatively good relations with (former) mother countries. Simultaneously extreme left-wing parties will be preparing for not necessarily legal taking-over of political power. -Governments obviously not agreeing with the Soviet foreign policy will be kept under pressure in order to cause their eventual removal from office. Every imaginable activity will be undertaken in order to provoke the most powerful Western states against each other. Conclusions for the US Government Soviet power, not schematic in character, doesnt work by strict plans and doesnt take unnecessary hazards. It is extremely responsive to logic or force and therefore it can easily pull back and mostly does when facing a strong opposition. So, quoting Kennan, if the adversary has sufficient force and makes clear his readiness to use it, he rarely has to do so. [9] The next point the author makes has to do with the Western degree of cohesion, firmness and muster. Success of the Soviet Union, as for being the weaker force, depends to some extent on the mentioned factor. Another factor that is relatively easy to deal with is the Soviet propaganda. The destructive and generally negative character of it can be opposed by a sort of intelligent and constructive programmes. In the conclusion the author states that a calm and unprovoked recognition of the hypothetically dangerous movements must be the governments very first step. Furthermore the public education should play a bigger role. The fear of unknown can be overcome by informing the citizens about the Russian reality. After all it would result in improvement of social cohesion and make the society less vulnerable to threats from both outside and inside. Finally Kennan brings up the significance of formulating a constructive and positive picture of the sort of world the US policy makers would like to see. It is not enough to urge people to develop political processes similar to our own. Many foreign peoples, in Europe at least, are tired and frightened by experiences of past, and are less interested in abstract freedom than in security. They are seeking guidance rather than responsibilities. We should be better able than Russians to give them this. And unless we do, Russians certainly will. [10] The reaction of the Russians wasnt immediate. Nearly seven months later, on September the 27, the Soviet Ambassador to United States, Nikolai Novikov, sent a note to the highest officials of the Soviet Union that was nothing but an analysis of the Kennans Long Telegram and the US post-war foreign policy towards the Soviet Union in general. These became accessible for outsiders after the publication in Foreign Affairs magazine of the so-called X Article in July 1947, being as a matter of fact an adjusted version of the original analysis of Kennans. Novikov concluded that the American outlook is predominantly characterized by the drift towards the worlds supremacy and as well economical as military leadership. Amongst others he stated that the plans of establishing more than 480 naval bases, American mainland signalize intense intentions of hostility towards the Soviet Union. By the end of 1946 the political situation between the US and the SU reached its lowest point since the end of the Second World War. Western politicians were little by little abandoning their hope for the cooperation with the Russians and the Kennans prophecy was slowly becoming the reality. How the US officials reacted and what measures they took in order to deter foreign government representatives from embracing communism will be properly described in the following paragraph. Chapter 4: What efforts did the US government make to materialize the containment policy and with what result? The Truman Doctrine The Truman Administration received multiple signals from its British Ally about the gradually increasing difficulties of His Majestys Government to provide on-going financial help to Greece and Turkey the two states the United Kingdom had been supporting for years and which found themselves standing on the edge of a democratic collapse. In an official note dating to February 21, 1947 British informed Washington of their inability to support the mentioned states and requested for a takeover of their economical obligations. Trumans reaction came into history as the Truman Doctrine. In his speech to a joint session of Congress of March 12, he emphasized the moral obligation of the American state to provide assistance to the peoples of Greece and Turkey in order to establish a democracy and restore the authority of the government. In regard to Greece the President stated that the British aid issued in the preceding years wasnt sufficient to supply the weak and not able to operate indepe ndently army and fight communist insurgents dislocating the Greek state. Turkey, on the contrary, didnt need financial assistance so desperately at that point of time. Nevertheless due to a historic background of Greece and Turkey being stubborn rivals for decades it was necessary to split the money equally in order to avoid future claims of injustice or, even worse, anti-Western tensions. Truman concluded that the US Government was the only institution in the world able to prevent Greece and Turkey from becoming what the totalitarian states in the period of the Second World War were regimes of minorities getting their path clear by means of violence and suppression. I find it interesting to mention that the presidential Congress speech is also known as the Trumans containment speech. Clark Clifford (Trumans advisor), asked in 1972 about the nickname, said: we were concerned about preventing Soviet control of larger areas of the world than they already controlled [11]. Although the word containment wasnt even said once by Truman in his speech, the measures supposed by him concentrated on opposing the activities mentioned in the fourth point of Kennans Long Telegram namely the actions of the Soviet party conducted on unofficial level. Greek communist freedom fighters were not powered by Marxs ideals but by Stalins money and military arsenal. As result of it the most of the $338 million sent by the United States to Greece was spent on military equipment. The concept of supporting European nations economically, drafted in March 1947 and perfectly outlined by the President Truman in his Congress speech, was just a momentary restoration programme, which had to prevent Greece and Turkey from falling into the hands of communism. How this financial aid, meant only for the time being, transformed into a long-term supportive programme will be depicted in the following section. Marshall Plan The Marshall Plan, although originally not intended to be a part of the containment policy as stated in the May 23 report of the Policy Planning Staff, became a significant step forward taken by the American Administration, influence and actions of which were gradually becoming more visible on the international political arena. The Policy Planning Staff (PPS), created by George Kennan at the request of the Secretary of State George C. Marshall, was given the task of, taking a long term, strategic view of global trends and framing recommendations for the Secretary of State to advance U.S. interests and American values.'[12] In the context of the European Recovery Program, as the so-called Marshall Plan was officially known, it came down to investigating multiple possibilities of supporting financially the European communities in order to solve their war-caused economical problems and bring them to the level of self-sufficiency. To avoid sceptical publicity criticizing Americans for th eir interventionism in European affairs, aid would be exclusively launched if the formal initiative came from Europe. Besides it was required that the program would evolve on the Old Continent and that its leaders would take the fundamental responsibility for it, while the US would limit themselves to a supportive program of such an undertaking by financial means. Knowing the tensions between the US and the Soviet Union, Kennan and the other members of the PPS didnt want the European Recovery Program (ERP) to be a reason for the further isolation of East from West. Although speculating on Soviet reluctance, the inventors of the Marshall Plan included in their project the participation of the Eastern nations in an early stage. By leaving the door open the American policymakers could verify the Soviet attitude towards the plan, which eventually would give proof of their good or bad faith. Kennan and his co-workers were convinced that this offer would not remain without response, since economical co-operation of Soviet satellite countries with the US would result in weakening of Soviet control in these states. On June 5 1947 the first signals concerning the Marshall Plan were sent out to the outside world. The Harvard speech of Secretary Marshall, being an announcement of conditions and proposals above mentioned, didnt meet much of approvement at the other side of the Iron Curtain. Already after a couple of multipartite conferences the Soviet delegation under wings of Molotov turned down the negotiations. According to the diary notes of Vincent Auriol, the French president at that time, Molotov said amongst other things that the project would divide Europe [13] which testified the bad faith of the Soviet party. The September speech of Soviet deputy foreign minister Andrei Vyshinsky to the United Nations General Assembly was its final confirmation. He stated that the Marshall Plan was a firm violation of the 11 December 1946 resolution of the United Nation, which declared that distribution of economic resources by a state may not be used as an instrument of political pressure. According to Vishinsky the Russian government saw the European Recovery Project as an attempt to put European states in American sphere of influence and to intervene in their internal affairs. In Soviet opinion the plan would result in splitting Europe into two antagonistic blocs, of which the Western one, led by the United States, would develop a certain hostility towards democratically ruled Eastern European countries and the Soviet Union in particular. The splitting up of the Russians gave the American politicians an opportunity to give the aid programme a hoped-for direction. As stated by Michael J. Hogan, an adviser to the US Department of State, the Marshall Plan was about to become a protective measure to counter the Soviet threat and serve as an extension of the containment policy [14]. Â  Unlike Soviet satellite states, which dropped off under pressure of the Soviet Union, the sixteen Western neighbours gathered at a conference in Paris, which lasted from July 12 up to September 22, and was intended to give shape to the financial requests that would be presented to the Americans. Unfortunately due to disunity of the European leaders concerning the final amount that would be asked for and their unwillingness to shift part of political responsibilities to a collectively created international body, which was known as the Committee of European Economic Cooperation (CEEC), Kennan and his Policy Planning Staff did not receive an acceptable report. There are a huge number of details concerning the Marshall Plan being brought to life, which I would like to work out narrowly. Unfortunately I have to limit